John Gruber released Markdown in 2004 as a way to write for the web without touching HTML. GitHub, Reddit, Discord, Slack, Notion, and most static site generators speak a dialect of it.
CommonMark is the closest thing to a formal standard. GitHub Flavored Markdown (GFM) extends it with tables, task lists, strikethrough, and autolinked URLs.
Markdown is ideal for docs, blog posts, and READMEs — anything long-form that should stay diff-friendly in Git.